Which document outlines the foundational principles of the United States government?

The Constitution of the United States serves as the foundational document that outlines the principles and framework of the U.S. government. Ratified in 1788, it establishes the national government, delineates its powers, and sets forth the fundamental rights of citizens. The Constitution is organized into a preamble and seven articles, each addressing different aspects of governance, including the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and the relationships between states and the federal government.

The Constitution also incorporates the principle of separation of powers, which prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful. This foundational structure ensures a system of checks and balances, where each branch can limit the powers of the others, thus safeguarding democracy and protecting individual liberties. While other documents like the Declaration of Independence proclaim the values of liberty and justice and the Articles of Confederation offer an early attempt at governance, it is the Constitution that codifies the governmental structure that has remained in place and adapted over the years through amendments and interpretations.