Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin in the 19th century. Darwin's groundbreaking work, particularly his book "On the Origin of Species," articulated the idea that species evolve over time through a process where the traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common within a population. This concept is fundamental to understanding biological evolution and has had a profound impact on the fields of biology and genetics. Darwin's observations made during his voyage on the HMS Beagle, combined with his analysis of the variations in species, formed the foundation of his theory.

The other individuals listed made significant contributions to science but in different fields. Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics for his work on inheritance patterns in pea plants. Louis Pasteur is famed for his advancements in microbiology, particularly the germ theory of disease and pasteurization. Albert Einstein is recognized for his contributions to physics, particularly the theory of relativity. While all these figures have had monumental impacts in their respective areas, it is Darwin who specifically laid the groundwork for the theory of evolution through natural selection.